• م.م رغد ابراهيم كاظم
  • Raghad Ibrahim Kadhum
  • تدريسي : العمادة
  • Teaching : Deanship
  • ماجستير طب الاسنان الوقائي
  • prevention
  • raghad.i@esraa.edu.iq
  • iraghad823@gmail.com
  • Google Scholar
  • ORCId
  • 281

    • نشاطات التدريسي

    البحوث المنشورة

    المؤلفات

    المقررات المكلف بها

    المحاضرات

    مشاريع التخرج

    المقالات داخل المجلة

    المقررات المكلف بها

    المقررات المكلف بها

    المقررات المكلف بها - 4
    القسم المرحلة الفصل رمز المقرر الوحدات توصيف المقرر
    كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الاولى سنوي DET06100 4 English Language
    كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الخامسة سنوي ORM06500 6 Oral Medicine
    كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الخامسة سنوي PAE06502 6 Pediatric Dentistry
    كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الخامسة سنوي PRD06500 6 Preventive Dentistry
    المحاضرات الالكترونية

    المحاضرات الالكترونية

    المحاضرات الالكترونية - 3
    العام المقرر القسم المرحلة المحاضرة
    2024-2025 English Language كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الاولى The muscular system
    2024-2025 English Language كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الاولى Integumentary system
    2024-2025 English Language كلية طب الاسنان المرحلة الاولى prefixes and suffixes
    البحوث

    البحوث

    2020 Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry
     INTRODUCTION Stress is experienced by numerous individuals in a diversity of social, academic, and work settings. Although stress can be a cause of motivation, extreme stress can be debilitating that could lead to disease.[1] The central nervous system (CNS) reacts to stress. This reaction involves different morphological and neurochemical alterations, for example, oxidative stress.[2] Oxidative stress comprises an imbalance between the amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capability of antioxidant systems to equalize them.[3] Dentistry is known as a very stressful occupation, and dental education is considered stressful education environment because of the dental occupation demanding interpersonal dexterity and clinical competencies as well as theoretical knowledge.[4] The main sources of stress among dental students include the education environment, apprehension of fail, hardness in dealing with patients, clinical requirements, hardness in dealing with transitions in curriculum, and difficult relationships with academic staff.[5] Dental caries is a complex, chronic, and multifactorial disease that occurs due to imbalance between demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues.[6] When the individual exposes to stressful event, the psychological reaction to this event activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis, which causes a decrease in salivary flow, and in this manner, changes salivary capability with regard to oxidation reduction.[7] The reduction in salivary flow decreases the defensive actions created by saliva, and as a result, increases the hazard for dental caries.[8] Another study found that there is no relation between stress and salivary flow rate.[9] Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical gas and a detrimental chemical in the atmosphere; however, it presents in little well-controlled concentrations in the body and plays a key role in several physiological and pathological processes. NO is implicated in the stress physiology and is involved in disease processes related to stress; it counteracts norepinephrine activity and sympathetic reactivity.[10] NO is strong antimicrobial chemical, and it implicates in oxidative stress-linked disturbances.[11] Results of studies on the relation between NO levels and dental caries were controversy. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the dental caries experience among different stress levels of dental students and to assess an evaluation of its relationship with salivary NO and flow rate. The null hypothesis was that there is no relation between salivary NO and flow rate with the development of dental caries experience among different stress levels of dental students.

    2020 Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 2020‏
    ABSTRACT Background: Several pathologies of the oral cavity have been associated with stress. Dental students need to gain assorted proficiencies as theoretical knowledge, clinical proficiencies, and interpersonal dexterity which is accompanied with high level of stress. Uric acid is the major antioxidant in saliva. The aim of this study is to assess the dental caries experience among dental students with different levels of dental environment stress in relation to physicochemical characteristics of whole unstimulated saliva. Materials and Methods: the total sample is composed of 300 dental students (73 males, 227 female) aged 22-23 years old, from collage of dentistry / university of Baghdad, from the 4th and 5th grade. The total sample was classified into three categories (mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress) according to Dental environment stress questionnaire (DESQ); Diagnosis and recording of dental caries were assessed according to Decay, Missed, Filled surface and teeth index (DMFS, DMFT) of WHO criteria in 1987. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from the 95 dental students from the mild stress group (27 male, 28 female) and from the severe stress group (11 male, 29 female). Then, salivary flow rate was measured and chemically analyzed to determine salivary uric acid concentration. All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21. Results: The mean value of the DMFT and DS fraction was higher among severe stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences(P≥ 0.05), while DMFS, FS and MS fractions were higher among moderate stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences (P≥ 0.05). The data from salivary analysis showed that the mean value of salivary flow rate was lower among severe dental environment stress category than mild dental environment stress category but the difference was statistically not significant, while the mean value of uric acid was higher among students with severe dental environment stress than students with mild dental environment stress with statistically significant difference. The flow rate was negatively correlated with caries experience among both mild and severe stress groups except for the DS was positively correlated with flow rate among students with mild stress. The correlation of uric acid with DMFT was negative among students with mild stress while among severe stress group was positive; however all these correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Dental environment stress appears to affect oral health, shown by higher caries prevalence among dental students with moderate and severe dental environment stress level by affecting the normal level of salivary flow rate and uric acid. Keywords: Dental environment stress, stress, dental caries, flow rate, uric acid.